As agricultural seasons are repeatedly missed and livelihoods abandoned, the … A tropical wet and dry climate prevails over the state and it has two distinct seasons, the wet and dry seasons. Although Nigeria, the giant of Africa, describes her heterogeneity as a situation of “Unity in Diversity”, it has become, INTRODUCTION The food security problem in Nigeria is pathetic as more than 70 percent of the populace lives in households too poor to have regular access to the food that they need for healthy and productive living [ 12 ]. Furthermore, it was observed that a greater proportion of the respondents may not have the ability to meet their dietary requirement possibly because of their low nutrition knowledge and other factors. The remote, immediate causes of Crimes, Insecurity/Terrorism and Instability in Nigeria and Solutions. In the second stage, 4 town communities were selected through simple random sampling technique from each of the local government areas giving a total of 24 communities. Weak judicial system. Decades of armed conflict continue to contribute to the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Nigeria. According to the global food insecurity index, the region had the lowest scores in terms of affordability (29.6), availability (45.2), and quality and safety (38.1). Over 650,000 people in the Borno State, alone, are at extreme, limited access to agricultural land and labor opportunities, and are thus, heavily dependent o… These programmes are there to reduce poverty, eradicate hunger and improve the living conditions of the people. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Even though the percentage food insecure people in … History has it that one of the causes of the French Revolution (1789 – 1790) was as a result of the increase in the price of bread. Since the households in the study area have low extension contact in a year, they may have limited knowledge in agricultural technology techniques needed to boost food production. According to FAO, chronic under nutrition and food insecurity are principally caused by a combination of factors such as low agricultural productivity, high seasonal and year to year variability in food supplies and lack of off-farm … Food Security In the third stage, the community leaders were asked to make a list of 10 rural farmers in their communities and from the list, 5 farmers were selected through simple random sampling technique from each of the communities, giving a total of 20 farmers per local government area. Attempt was made to give an overview of the fundamental threat pose by insecurity of food on the people; these include: a moral and humanitarian threat, developmental ... University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria. As agricultural seasons are repeatedly missed and livelihoods abandoned, the … The mean annual temperature is about 26°C in the coolest months (December/January) and 31°C in the hottest months (April/May). Recent surge in world food prices, trade restrictions imposed by major food importers, increased food commodity speculation, changing climatic pattern resulting in global warming, growing demand for arable land for cultivation of biofuel as well as poor national and local governance to cope with such shocks has worsen the food security situation in most parts of the world especially Nigeria5,6. It lies between latitudes 9°30' and 10°33' North of the equator and longitudes 7°34' and 9°25' East of the Greenwich Meridian. This statistic is particularly concerning because it is … Causes Of Food Insecurity In Nigeria 1107 Words | 5 Pages. In Somalia, over 2.9 million people are at risk because of famine. Countries with high rates of political conflict typically have hunger issues that coincide. All the programmes aim at reducing the poverty in country including the poorest states of Northern Nigeria. In Nigeria, Matemilola and Elegbede7 reported an alarmingly high prevalence of food insecurity especially among rural households. The study was conducted in Kano state between April and December, 2010. Also, the major crops produced were cereals such as maize, sorghum and millet, among others. An inquiry will be made into the causes of food insecurity in Nigeria and then globally. Chad is Africa’s 5th largest, them socially but psychologically. Also, data in Table 1 further showed that maize (79.2%), sorghum (40.8%), millet (34.2%) and rice (32.5%) are the main crops commonly consumed in the study area. Unemployment in Nigeria is one of the most critical problems. These figures were added and further divided by 5 to get mean score of 2. Insecurity in Nigeria. Causes of Food Insecurity. The Food security challenge for a growing population was an alarm raised by Thomas Robert Malthus in “An Essay on the Principle of Population”, to bring our consciousness to the topic of the food crisis in Nigeria. Thus, the total sample size for the study was 120 respondents. Crops produced and consumed: Entries in Table 1 shows the major crops produced and consumed in the study area. In the first stage, 6 rural local government areas were purposively selected from the 38 rural local government areas in the state on the basis of their intensity in crop production. Illiteracy Among the Youths. Widespread Material Inequalities: Food insecurity refers to the uncertain availability that many people face when it comes to access to different foods and beverages. In Nigeria, food is important also because it accounts for a substantial … In Yemen, 18.8 million are in need of assistance, and in South Sudan, over 40% of the population is in need of food urgently, while 100,000 are in imminent danger of death by starvation. In the years 2011–2013, an estimated 842 million people were suffering from chronic hunger. Sub-Saharan Africa contributes most to the global level of food insecurity. Olayemi in Adepoju et al.9 further noted that food policy in Nigeria has been characterized by inappropriate role of the government in food and agriculture which manifest in badly formulated and poorly executed food policies and the perennial emergence of the unintended consequences of heavy reliance on imported food. 3 Causes of Hunger in Niger Niger is a landlocked country in sub-Saharan Africa that struggles to feed its population. Current levels of food insecurity in the four countries reflect continued underinvestment in agriculture and livelihoods within the wider humanitarian and development fields. Extreme hunger causes people to become progressively weak, which makes them unable to work even if jobs were available. To ascertain perceived causes of household food insecurity, a five point Likert-type scale was used. While it is true that the food insecurity problems in Africa are complex and will not all be solved overnight, there has been some progress … This has the potential to raise efficiency in food crop production and increase farmers’ sustainability of food. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jas.2019.513.519, Kura-Kosawa, Dan–Hasan, Kura town and Karfi, Bunkure-Kokotawa, Bunkure town, Kulluwa and Shimar, Ungogo-Rimingata, Ungogo town, Bachirawa and Bagadawa, Makoola-Danmarke, Mai Tsidau, Wailare and Tukui, Garunmalam-Garum–Baba, Chiromawa, Kadawa and Gafan, Gezawa-Gezawa town, Jogana, Tokarawa and Babawa, Distribution of respondents according to types of crop produced and consumed, Distribution of respondents according to classes of food consumed weekly, Distribution of respondents by the perception of their household food security situation, Mean score of perceived causes of household food insecurity. In Nigeria, it is important to note that the root cause of food insecurity, especially among low-income households, is poverty. The major causes of household food insecurity include: Poor extension services (M = 2.46), large family size (M = 2.34) and poverty (M = 2.28). While reasons for this situation can vary depending on levels of social and economic growth in different nations, unfavorable weather, need of life such as food, cloth, shelter as well as lack of access to education, health care and security. The most common causes of food insecurity and Hunger in Nigeria: Nigeria is Africa’s wealthiest, most populous nation, it is also its fastest-growing economy. The looting also reveals Nigeria’s pervasive poverty and food insecurity. Also, about 69.2% of the respondents consumed vitamins, which includes fruits, green leafy vegetable, carrots and salad among others, while 48.3% consumed fats and oil, which includes butter, palm oil and groundnut oil among others. The remaining 11.7% consumed minerals weekly. Hence, incentives should be provided to extension agents in form of improved remuneration so as to encourage them to disseminate improved agricultural technologies to farmers. This is worse during a public health emergency such as … The fragmentation of agricultural land, the results of increases in population and land acquisition through inheritance causes inadequate food production. Based on the foregoing, there is urgent need for policy makers in Kano state to implement pro-poor policies that would reduce the vulnerability of farmers to food insecurity. Finally, policies should be aimed at ensuring that institutional credit sources reduce the current high interest rates of 23% on loans and the procedural difficulties in securing institutional facilities, so as to encourage farmers access to such credit facilities for increased agricultural production and hence, food security. Causes of Insecurity in Nigeria. Resources Control Struggle: 5. The rural areas comprises 38 LGA-Ajingi, Albasu, Bagwai, Bebeji, Bichi, Bunkure, Dala, Dambatta, Dawakin Tofa, Doguwa, Gabasawa, Garko, Garum-Mallam, Gaya, Gezawa, Gwarzo, Kabo, Karaye, Kibiya, Kiru, Kumbotso, Kunchi, Kura, Madobi, Makoda, Minjibir, Rano, RiminGado, Rogo, Shanono, Sumaila, Takaila, Tofa, Tsanyawa, Tundu Wada, Ungogo, Warawa and Wudil15. Insecurity in Nigeria: Causes, Effects, and Solution. Current levels of food insecurity in the four countries reflect continued underinvestment in agriculture and livelihoods within the wider humanitarian and development fields. Since the households produce more of carbohydrate containing crops like grains or cereals, they consumed more of carbohydrate containing food. Desperation by Politicians: 3. It borders Katsina state to the northwest, Jigawa state to the northeast and Bauchi and Kaduna states to the south. The humidity is relatively low16. Food security can exist at global, regional, national and household levels. The displacement of people in Nigeria has increased to the concern of food insecurity. This report will explore the impacts, causes and solutions of food insecurity and other contextual factors relating to Chad’s economic and financial crisis. Greentumble Climate Change, Environmental Issues November 17, 2015. Although, Ngema et al.12, Haile et al.13 and Saidu14 have critically examined the causes of household food security, however, the policy implications for achieving sustainable food production among rural farming households have not been properly elaborated. Current levels of food insecurity in the four countries reflect continued underinvestment in agriculture and livelihoods within the wider humanitarian and development fields. STATEMENT OF FINDINGS Also, there is a distinction between chronic and temporary food insecurity. It would further encourage trained extension personnel to disseminate relevant information to farmers regarding improving their farming methods and techniques by introducing new varieties of crops and improved breeds of animals which will improve their income and thus reduce the level of their food insecurity. Causes of Food Insecurity in Africa. In fact, the food and agriculture organization describes it as a “condition which exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” and when it is not at undue risk of losing such access1. Data collection and analysis: Primary data for this study were collected from crop farming households through the use of structured interview schedule, comprising closed and open-ended questions. This finding can be beneficial to policymakers as it would enable them to understand the underlying causes of food insecurity so as to formulate effective polices for ensuring adequate food security. Food production, in fragmented portions of land, results in inadequate food availability to meet the demands of the increasing population in the area. In Chad there is no food security, because not everyone has enough food to eat. Also, the acquisition of fragmented land, mainly through inheritance affects agricultural production and poses a constraint to sustainable food security. As agricultural seasons are repeatedly missed and livelihoods abandoned, the … It is quite an uphill task discussing the driving factors for food insecurity in Nigeria. The weak judicial system causes insecurity in Nigeria. In most states in the north, it is common to hear of attacks by ethnic militia causing mayhem in these areas. According to the 2006 census, Kano state is the most populous state in the country with a population of 9,383,683 people, 75% of who are involved in agriculture, which is the mainstay of the state17. The major cause, however, for much of the food insufficiency in Nigeria is the conflict and violencewhich has been largely due to ethnic and religious tensions in the northeast of the country. Food security is often times looked upon as just the availability of food, but safety and hygiene of food and food products gets overlooked. None of these studies … On the other hand, long-run solutions involve creating food production and distribution systems that assure adequate access of the poor to food through income generation, nutrition and health education and an efficient supply system for food, either domestically produced or imported. Most political leaders are more concerned about the … While some school of thought mirror poverty from absolute perspective and conclude that it is possible to, at some point been regarded as her strength but it currently is perceived to be the crack which may cause a predicted break-down. Malnutrition is a plague of its own, it has multiple physical side effects and causes of its own. Food insecurity is caused by various reasons. A lack of food security is forced upon them. To ascertain the respondents’ perception of their household food security situation, they were asked to indicate how many times they fed in a day, they classes of food consumed as well as their food security situation. As Africa’s food security situation is getting more serious, the causes being behind it are numerous. 1. 5. This could be the reason why they are commonly grown. Food is a basic necessity of life, this is due to the fact that it is a basic means of sustenance also an adequate food intake, in terms of quality and quantity, is a key to a healthy and productive life. Pieters et al.22 and Ecker and Breisinger6 opined that both macro and micro-level short-run and long-run measures that incorporates the macro-economic dimension which specifies key economic sectors of food security, considers external shocks and stresses to food insecurity as well as preventive intervention efforts and emphasizes the fact that nutrition outcomes are both the consequence and cause of underdevelopment should be implemented in order to ensure sustainable production and access to food by the poor. The respondents also indicated that perceived causes of their food insecurity were mainly, poor extension services, large family size and poverty. The high level of insecurity in northern Nigeria today arisen from the long religious disputes between Christians and Muslims in that zone. Cereals were the major crops grown in the area and this finding is in agreement with Dirorimwe18, who noted that Kano state is famous for its grain production in the country. Poverty is serious problem in Northern Nigerian States. Such policies include the creation and expansion of state social safety mechanisms, incorporation of gender-sensitive issues in agricultural development, revival and adequate funding of extension services, in addition to a boost in investments to raise agricultural productivity and adapt to climate change sustainably. Thus, variables with mean scores responses greater than or equal to 2.05 were regarded as perceived causes, while responses with mean values equal to or less than 1.95 were not regarded as perceived causes of household food insecurity. Widespread Systemic and Political Corruption: 4. Three major factors that contribute to hunger in Niger are overpopulation, scarce water supply and armed conflict. Concept and Definition. Concept and Definition. Despite this, more than half of the country lives below the poverty line. In Nigeria, it is important to note that the root cause of food insecurity, especially among low-income households, is poverty. Food security exists when everyone in the population has access to enough nutritious food to live an active and health life. According to Ziervogel et al.19, adequate food utility includes how often meals are eaten and of what they consist. This study discovered that poor extension services, large household size and unstable government policies were major causes of the rural farming households’ food insecurity situation. Conflict and drought are forcing people to abandon their homes and their lands. Hence, this study was conducted to ascertain the perceived causes of household food insecurity in six rural areas of Kano state where intensive crop farming is practiced by rural farmers. Causes Of Food Insecurity In Nigeria 1107 Words | 5 Pages. Poverty For individual households, poverty is the driver of food insecurity. Iranica J. The religious cum cultural diversity has always threatened the continued existence of the Nigerian nation as one entity. People don’t choose food insecurity. 1. In the past, various opinion leaders have proffered secession as the permanent solution to internal crisis and terrorism in the country. The respondents were asked to indicate the types of food produced and consumed by them in the last one year. The respondents indicated that their food security situation was worse off than the previous years. This problem is a gradual outcome of lack of food which leads to malnutrition and starvation among the poorest populations of the planet. Conflict and drought are forcing people to abandon their homes and their lands. The outrageous profits from the oil boom encouraged wasted expenditures in the public sector; dislocation of employment factor also distorted the revenue bases for policy planning. Current levels of food insecurity in the four countries reflect continued underinvestment in agriculture and livelihoods within the wider humanitarian and development fields. Conflict and drought are forcing people to abandon their homes and their lands. History has it that one of the causes of the French Revolution (1789 – 1790) was as a result of the increase in the price of bread. Causes Of Food Insecurity In Nigeria 1107 Words5 Pages Current levels of food insecurity in the four countries reflect continued underinvestment in agriculture and livelihoods within the wider humanitarian and development fields. Despite this, more than half of the country lives below the poverty line. According to Ecker and Breisinger6, such short-run measures involve interventions to assure that the poor have access to food through various forms of real-income transfers, such as rations, food aids and subsidised distribution of food. Causes and Consequences Food Insecurity in Nigeria: A Thematic Exposition Key words: Food Security and Insecurity, Household, Security Challenges, Climate Change and Farm Produce. Most of the people involved in threatening the security of Nigeria are … 2.6 Approaches to poverty alleviation. It is quite an uphill task discussing the driving factors for food insecurity in Nigeria. The study found that the root causes of food insecurity include: poverty, corruption and national policies that do not promote equal access to food for all; and also that the … Energy … This situation requires that particular factors which affect rural farming households differently must be examined and understood. The state has an altitude15 of 500-750 m a.s.l. 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